Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of the upper female reproductive organs — the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries. It is often caused by chlamydia or gonorrhea spreading up from the cervix. Symptoms include lower abdominal pain, abnormal discharge, fever and pain during sex. It is treated with antibiotics, usually for 14 days, and early treatment lowers the risk of infertility.
- Cause
- Often chlamydia or gonorrhea
- Main symptom
- Lower abdominal or pelvic pain
- Diagnosis
- Exam, swabs, ultrasound, blood tests
- Treatment
- Antibiotics, usually 14 days
- Partners
- Should be tested and treated
- Hospital care
- If severe or not improving
What is pelvic inflammatory disease?
PID happens when bacteria travel from the vagina and cervix into the uterus, fallopian tubes and surrounding tissues. Sexually transmitted infections such as chlamydia and gonorrhea are common causes, but other bacteria, including those linked to bacterial vaginosis, can also be involved.
Risk is higher with a new or multiple partners, a previous STI or PID, and for a short time after procedures such as IUD insertion.
Symptoms of PID
- Pain or tenderness in the lower abdomen or pelvis, often on both sides
- Pain during sex, felt deep inside
- Unusual vaginal discharge
- Bleeding after sex or between periods
- Fever, feeling unwell, nausea
- Pain or burning when passing urine
Symptoms can be mild and easy to dismiss. Pelvic pain also has many other causes; see our pelvic pain guide.
How PID is diagnosed
- Consultation in English Your doctor asks about pain, discharge, periods, partners, contraception and recent procedures.
- Pelvic examination Tenderness of the cervix, uterus or ovaries supports the diagnosis.
- Swabs and urine Tests for chlamydia, gonorrhea and other organisms, plus a pregnancy test.
- Transvaginal ultrasound Usually the same day, to look for fluid, swollen tubes or an abscess — see pelvic ultrasound.
- Blood tests Markers of inflammation when needed.
Because test results take a few days and delays increase the risk of damage, treatment usually starts on clinical suspicion.
Treatment: outpatient vs. hospital care
| Outpatient treatment | Hospital treatment | |
|---|---|---|
| Suitable for | Mild to moderate PID | Severe illness, abscess, pregnancy, no improvement |
| Medication | Antibiotic injection plus tablets, usually 14 days | Intravenous antibiotics, then tablets |
| Follow-up | Review within 48–72 hours | Daily monitoring |
| Other steps | Rest, pain relief, no sex | Drainage or surgery if an abscess does not respond |
- Take every dose, even if pain improves quickly.
- Avoid sex until you and your partner(s) have finished treatment.
- An IUD can often stay in place; your doctor will advise.
Infection has spread from the cervix into the uterus and fallopian tubes, causing inflammation and pain.
After a full antibiotic course the inflammation settles, reducing the risk of tubal damage.
Long-term effects and prevention
Each episode of PID can scar the fallopian tubes, raising the risk of infertility, ectopic pregnancy and chronic pelvic pain. Early treatment reduces but does not remove this risk.
- Regular STI testing with new partners — see the STD test panel
- Condoms with new or casual partners
- Treatment and retesting of partners after any STI
If you have had PID and plan pregnancy, a preconception consultation can review your options.
Cost and documents for international patients
At Yoonho Women's Hospital in Apgujeong, costs depend on tests, ultrasound and medication; a written estimate is given after consultation. Residents enrolled in National Health Insurance are usually covered for diagnosis and treatment. English diagnosis notes and receipts are available for travel insurance claims.
Why international patients choose Yoonho
Frequently asked questions
Can PID go away on its own?
PID should not be left untreated. Even if pain eases, the infection can continue to damage the fallopian tubes, so antibiotic treatment is recommended.
Will PID make me infertile?
Most women treated early can still conceive, but the risk of infertility and ectopic pregnancy rises with each episode and with delayed treatment.
Does my partner need treatment?
Yes. Partners from the last 60 days are usually advised to be tested and treated, even without symptoms, to prevent reinfection.
Can I travel while being treated for PID?
Often yes for mild PID, but you should be reviewed within 48–72 hours. Tell your doctor your travel dates so follow-up can be arranged.
Is PID always caused by an STD?
Not always. STIs are a common cause, but other vaginal bacteria can also cause PID, so a negative STI test does not rule it out.
OB-GYN Specialist · Director of OB-GYN
M.D., Ewha Womans University College of Medicine · Former Clinical Instructor, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital · Member, Korean Society of Menopause
Last reviewed: . This page is for general information and does not replace an in-person consultation.
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